Contents

PReLU

API Reference

General

The PReLU primitive (Leaky ReLU with trainable alpha parameter) performs forward or backward operation on data tensor. Weights (alpha) tensor supports broadcast-semantics. Broadcast configuration is assumed based on src and weights dimensions.

Example broadcasts:

broadcast type

src dimensions

weights dimensions

Channel-shared

\(\{n, c, h ,w\}\)

\(\{1, 1, 1 ,1\}\)

Channel-wise

\(\{n, c, h ,w\}\)

\(\{1, c, 1 ,1\}\)

Whole-tensor

\(\{n, c, h ,w\}\)

\(\{n, c, h ,w\}\)

Shared-axes

\(\{n, c, h ,w\}\)

\(\{n, 1, h ,1\}\)

Note

Shared-axes indicates broadcast with any combination of shared dimensions.

Forward

The PReLU operation is defined by the following formulas. We show formulas only for 2D spatial data which are straightforward to generalize to cases of higher and lower dimensions. Variable names follow the standard Naming Conventions. For no broadcast case, results are calculated using formula:

\[\begin{split}\dst(n, c, h, w) = \begin{cases} \src(n, c, h, w) & \mbox{if } \src(n, c, h, w) > 0 \\ \src(n, c, h, w) \cdot \weights(n, c, h, w) & \mbox{if } \src(n, c, h, w) \leq 0 \end{cases}\end{split}\]

Depending on broadcast configuration, result is calculated taking into account shared dimensions of weights tensor.

Difference Between Forward Training and Forward Inference

There is no difference between the dnnl_forward_training and dnnl_forward_inference propagation kinds.

Backward

The backward propagation computes \(\diffsrc\) and \(\diffweights\). For no broadcast case, results are calculated using formula:

\[\begin{split}\begin{align} \mbox{diff_src}(n, c, h, w) &= \begin{cases} \mbox{diff_dst}(n, c, h, w) & \mbox{if } \src(n, c, h, w) > 0 \\ \mbox{diff_dst}(n, c, h, w) \cdot \weights(n, c, h, w) & \mbox{if } \src(n, c, h, w) \leq 0 \end{cases}\\\\ \mbox{diff_weights}(n, c, h, w) &= \min(\src(n, c, h, w), 0) \cdot \mbox{diff_dst}(n, c, h, w) \end{align}\end{split}\]

Similar to forward propagation, result is calculated taking into account shared dimensions of weights tensor. \(\diffweights\) results are accumulated according to weights tensor shared dimensions, since \(\diffweights\) tensor must match \(\weights\) tensor.

Execution Arguments

When executed, the inputs and outputs should be mapped to an execution argument index as specified by the following table.

Primitive input/output

Execution argument index

\(\src\)

DNNL_ARG_SRC

\(\dst\)

DNNL_ARG_DST

\(\weights\)

DNNL_ARG_WEIGHTS

\(\diffsrc\)

DNNL_ARG_DIFF_SRC

\(\diffdst\)

DNNL_ARG_DIFF_DST

\(\diffweights\)

DNNL_ARG_DIFF_WEIGHTS

Implementation Details

General Notes

  • Prelu primitive requires all input/output tensors to have the same number of dimensions. Dimension sizes can differ however.

  • \(\weights\) tensor dimensions sizes must follow broadcast semantics. Each dimension can either equal corresponding data dimension or equal 1 - to indicate that dimension is shared.

  • Prelu primitive requires that \(\diffweights\) tensor has exact same dimensions sizes as \(\weights\) tensor, \(\diffsrc\) as src and \(\diffdst\) as dst.

  • \(\weights\) tensor can be initialized with format_tag::any primitive will match it to data tensor format.

Data Type Support

The PReLU primitive supports the following combinations of data types:

Propagation

Source / Destination

forward / backward

f32, s32, bf16, s8, u8

Data Representation

The PReLU primitive works with arbitrary data tensors. There is no special meaning associated with any logical dimensions.

Implementation Limitations

Current implementation supports all tensors up to 3D spatial (n, c, d, h, w).

Performance Tips

Its recommended to allow PReLU primitive to choose the appropriate weights memory format by passing weights_md with format_tag::any. For best performance, the weights memory format should match data memory format.

Example

PReLU Primitive Example

This C++ API example demonstrates how to create and execute an PReLU primitive in forward training propagation mode.

Pooling Resampling