cpu_cnn_inference_f32.cpp

This C++ API example demonstrates how to build an AlexNet neural network topology for forward-pass inference.

Annotated version: CNN f32 inference example

/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright 2016-2019 Intel Corporation
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*******************************************************************************/



#include <assert.h>

#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <numeric>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>

#include "mkldnn.hpp"

using namespace mkldnn;

using namespace std;

memory::dim product(const memory::dims &dims) {
    return std::accumulate(dims.begin(), dims.end(), (memory::dim)1,
            std::multiplies<memory::dim>());
}

void simple_net(int times = 100) {
    using tag = memory::format_tag;
    using dt = memory::data_type;

//[Initialize engine and stream]
    engine eng(engine::kind::cpu, 0);
    stream s(eng);
//[Initialize engine and stream]

//[Create network]
    std::vector<primitive> net;
    std::vector<std::unordered_map<int, memory>> net_args;
//[Create network]

    const memory::dim batch = 1;

    // AlexNet: conv1
    // {batch, 3, 227, 227} (x) {96, 3, 11, 11} -> {batch, 96, 55, 55}
    // strides: {4, 4}
    memory::dims conv1_src_tz = { batch, 3, 227, 227 };
    memory::dims conv1_weights_tz = { 96, 3, 11, 11 };
    memory::dims conv1_bias_tz = { 96 };
    memory::dims conv1_dst_tz = { batch, 96, 55, 55 };
    memory::dims conv1_strides = { 4, 4 };
    memory::dims conv1_padding = { 0, 0 };

//[Allocate buffers]
    std::vector<float> user_src(batch * 3 * 227 * 227);
    std::vector<float> user_dst(batch * 1000);
    std::vector<float> conv1_weights(product(conv1_weights_tz));
    std::vector<float> conv1_bias(product(conv1_bias_tz));
//[Allocate buffers]

//[Create user memory]
    auto user_src_memory = memory(
            { { conv1_src_tz }, dt::f32, tag::nchw }, eng, user_src.data());
    auto user_weights_memory
            = memory({ { conv1_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::oihw }, eng,
                    conv1_weights.data());
    auto conv1_user_bias_memory = memory(
            { { conv1_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::x }, eng, conv1_bias.data());
//[Create user memory]

//[Create convolution memory descriptors]
    auto conv1_src_md = memory::desc({ conv1_src_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv1_bias_md = memory::desc({ conv1_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv1_weights_md
            = memory::desc({ conv1_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv1_dst_md = memory::desc({ conv1_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
//[Create convolution memory descriptors]

//[Create convolution descriptor]
    auto conv1_desc = convolution_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::convolution_direct, conv1_src_md, conv1_weights_md, conv1_bias_md,
            conv1_dst_md, conv1_strides, conv1_padding, conv1_padding);
//[Create convolution descriptor]

//[Create convolution primitive descriptor]
    auto conv1_prim_desc = convolution_forward::primitive_desc(conv1_desc, eng);
//[Create convolution primitive descriptor]


//[Reorder data and weights]
    auto conv1_src_memory = user_src_memory;
    if (conv1_prim_desc.src_desc() != user_src_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv1_src_memory = memory(conv1_prim_desc.src_desc(), eng);
        net.push_back(reorder(user_src_memory, conv1_src_memory));
        net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_FROM, user_src_memory },
                { MKLDNN_ARG_TO, conv1_src_memory } });
    }

    auto conv1_weights_memory = user_weights_memory;
    if (conv1_prim_desc.weights_desc() != user_weights_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv1_weights_memory = memory(conv1_prim_desc.weights_desc(), eng);
        reorder(user_weights_memory, conv1_weights_memory)
                .execute(s, user_weights_memory, conv1_weights_memory);
    }
//[Reorder data and weights]

//[Create memory for output]
    auto conv1_dst_memory = memory(conv1_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);
//[Create memory for output]

//[Create convolution primitive]
    net.push_back(convolution_forward(conv1_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv1_src_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_WEIGHTS, conv1_weights_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_BIAS, conv1_user_bias_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv1_dst_memory } });
//[Create convolution primitive]

    // AlexNet: relu1
    // {batch, 96, 55, 55} -> {batch, 96, 55, 55}
    const float negative1_slope = 1.0f;


//[Create relu primitive]
    auto relu1_desc = eltwise_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::eltwise_relu, conv1_dst_memory.get_desc(),
            negative1_slope);
    auto relu1_prim_desc = eltwise_forward::primitive_desc(relu1_desc, eng);

    net.push_back(eltwise_forward(relu1_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv1_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv1_dst_memory } });
//[Create relu primitive]

    // AlexNet: lrn1
    // {batch, 96, 55, 55} -> {batch, 96, 55, 55}
    // local size: 5
    // alpha1: 0.0001
    // beta1: 0.75
    const memory::dim local1_size = 5;
    const float alpha1 = 0.0001f;
    const float beta1 = 0.75f;
    const float k1 = 1.0f;

    // create lrn primitive and add it to net
    auto lrn1_desc = lrn_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::lrn_across_channels, conv1_dst_memory.get_desc(), local1_size,
            alpha1, beta1, k1);
    auto lrn1_prim_desc = lrn_forward::primitive_desc(lrn1_desc, eng);
    auto lrn1_dst_memory = memory(lrn1_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    net.push_back(lrn_forward(lrn1_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv1_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, lrn1_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: pool1
    // {batch, 96, 55, 55} -> {batch, 96, 27, 27}
    // kernel: {3, 3}
    // strides: {2, 2}
    memory::dims pool1_dst_tz = { batch, 96, 27, 27 };
    memory::dims pool1_kernel = { 3, 3 };
    memory::dims pool1_strides = { 2, 2 };
    memory::dims pool_padding = { 0, 0 };

    auto pool1_dst_md = memory::desc({ pool1_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

//[Create pooling primitive]
    auto pool1_desc = pooling_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::pooling_max, lrn1_dst_memory.get_desc(), pool1_dst_md,
            pool1_strides, pool1_kernel, pool_padding, pool_padding);
    auto pool1_pd = pooling_forward::primitive_desc(pool1_desc, eng);
    auto pool1_dst_memory = memory(pool1_pd.dst_desc(), eng);

    net.push_back(pooling_forward(pool1_pd));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, lrn1_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, pool1_dst_memory } });
//[Create pooling primitive]

    // AlexNet: conv2
    // {batch, 96, 27, 27} (x) {2, 128, 48, 5, 5} -> {batch, 256, 27, 27}
    // strides: {1, 1}
    memory::dims conv2_src_tz = { batch, 96, 27, 27 };
    memory::dims conv2_weights_tz = { 2, 128, 48, 5, 5 };
    memory::dims conv2_bias_tz = { 256 };
    memory::dims conv2_dst_tz = { batch, 256, 27, 27 };
    memory::dims conv2_strides = { 1, 1 };
    memory::dims conv2_padding = { 2, 2 };

    std::vector<float> conv2_weights(product(conv2_weights_tz));
    std::vector<float> conv2_bias(product(conv2_bias_tz));

    // create memory for user data
    auto conv2_user_weights_memory
            = memory({ { conv2_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::goihw }, eng,
                    conv2_weights.data());
    auto conv2_user_bias_memory = memory(
            { { conv2_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::x }, eng, conv2_bias.data());

    // create memory descriptors for convolution data w/ no specified format
    auto conv2_src_md = memory::desc({ conv2_src_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv2_bias_md = memory::desc({ conv2_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv2_weights_md
            = memory::desc({ conv2_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv2_dst_md = memory::desc({ conv2_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a convolution
    auto conv2_desc = convolution_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::convolution_direct, conv2_src_md, conv2_weights_md, conv2_bias_md,
            conv2_dst_md, conv2_strides, conv2_padding, conv2_padding);
    auto conv2_prim_desc = convolution_forward::primitive_desc(conv2_desc, eng);

    auto conv2_src_memory = pool1_dst_memory;
    if (conv2_prim_desc.src_desc() != conv2_src_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv2_src_memory = memory(conv2_prim_desc.src_desc(), eng);
        net.push_back(reorder(pool1_dst_memory, conv2_src_memory));
        net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_FROM, pool1_dst_memory },
                { MKLDNN_ARG_TO, conv2_src_memory } });
    }

    auto conv2_weights_memory = conv2_user_weights_memory;
    if (conv2_prim_desc.weights_desc()
            != conv2_user_weights_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv2_weights_memory = memory(conv2_prim_desc.weights_desc(), eng);
        reorder(conv2_user_weights_memory, conv2_weights_memory)
                .execute(s, conv2_user_weights_memory, conv2_weights_memory);
    }

    auto conv2_dst_memory = memory(conv2_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create convolution primitive and add it to net
    net.push_back(convolution_forward(conv2_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv2_src_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_WEIGHTS, conv2_weights_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_BIAS, conv2_user_bias_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv2_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: relu2
    // {batch, 256, 27, 27} -> {batch, 256, 27, 27}
    const float negative2_slope = 1.0f;

    // create relu primitive and add it to net
    auto relu2_desc = eltwise_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::eltwise_relu, conv2_dst_memory.get_desc(),
            negative2_slope);
    auto relu2_prim_desc = eltwise_forward::primitive_desc(relu2_desc, eng);

    net.push_back(eltwise_forward(relu2_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv2_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv2_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: lrn2
    // {batch, 256, 27, 27} -> {batch, 256, 27, 27}
    // local size: 5
    // alpha2: 0.0001
    // beta2: 0.75
    const memory::dim local2_size = 5;
    const float alpha2 = 0.0001f;
    const float beta2 = 0.75f;
    const float k2 = 1.0f;

    // create lrn primitive and add it to net
    auto lrn2_desc = lrn_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::lrn_across_channels, conv2_prim_desc.dst_desc(), local2_size,
            alpha2, beta2, k2);
    auto lrn2_prim_desc = lrn_forward::primitive_desc(lrn2_desc, eng);
    auto lrn2_dst_memory = memory(lrn2_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    net.push_back(lrn_forward(lrn2_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv2_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, lrn2_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: pool2
    // {batch, 256, 27, 27} -> {batch, 256, 13, 13}
    // kernel: {3, 3}
    // strides: {2, 2}
    memory::dims pool2_dst_tz = { batch, 256, 13, 13 };
    memory::dims pool2_kernel = { 3, 3 };
    memory::dims pool2_strides = { 2, 2 };
    memory::dims pool2_padding = { 0, 0 };

    auto pool2_dst_md = memory::desc({ pool2_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a pooling
    auto pool2_desc = pooling_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::pooling_max, lrn2_dst_memory.get_desc(), pool2_dst_md,
            pool2_strides, pool2_kernel, pool2_padding, pool2_padding);
    auto pool2_pd = pooling_forward::primitive_desc(pool2_desc, eng);
    auto pool2_dst_memory = memory(pool2_pd.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create pooling primitive an add it to net
    net.push_back(pooling_forward(pool2_pd));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, lrn2_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, pool2_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: conv3
    // {batch, 256, 13, 13} (x)  {384, 256, 3, 3}; -> {batch, 384, 13, 13};
    // strides: {1, 1}
    memory::dims conv3_src_tz = { batch, 256, 13, 13 };
    memory::dims conv3_weights_tz = { 384, 256, 3, 3 };
    memory::dims conv3_bias_tz = { 384 };
    memory::dims conv3_dst_tz = { batch, 384, 13, 13 };
    memory::dims conv3_strides = { 1, 1 };
    memory::dims conv3_padding = { 1, 1 };

    std::vector<float> conv3_weights(product(conv3_weights_tz));
    std::vector<float> conv3_bias(product(conv3_bias_tz));

    // create memory for user data
    auto conv3_user_weights_memory
            = memory({ { conv3_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::oihw }, eng,
                    conv3_weights.data());
    auto conv3_user_bias_memory = memory(
            { { conv3_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::x }, eng, conv3_bias.data());

    // create memory descriptors for convolution data w/ no specified format
    auto conv3_src_md = memory::desc({ conv3_src_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv3_bias_md = memory::desc({ conv3_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv3_weights_md
            = memory::desc({ conv3_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv3_dst_md = memory::desc({ conv3_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a convolution
    auto conv3_desc = convolution_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::convolution_direct, conv3_src_md, conv3_weights_md, conv3_bias_md,
            conv3_dst_md, conv3_strides, conv3_padding, conv3_padding);
    auto conv3_prim_desc = convolution_forward::primitive_desc(conv3_desc, eng);

    auto conv3_src_memory = pool2_dst_memory;
    if (conv3_prim_desc.src_desc() != conv3_src_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv3_src_memory = memory(conv3_prim_desc.src_desc(), eng);
        net.push_back(reorder(pool2_dst_memory, conv3_src_memory));
        net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_FROM, pool2_dst_memory },
                { MKLDNN_ARG_TO, conv3_src_memory } });
    }

    auto conv3_weights_memory = conv3_user_weights_memory;
    if (conv3_prim_desc.weights_desc()
            != conv3_user_weights_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv3_weights_memory = memory(conv3_prim_desc.weights_desc(), eng);
        reorder(conv3_user_weights_memory, conv3_weights_memory)
                .execute(s, conv3_user_weights_memory, conv3_weights_memory);
    }

    auto conv3_dst_memory = memory(conv3_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create convolution primitive and add it to net
    net.push_back(convolution_forward(conv3_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv3_src_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_WEIGHTS, conv3_weights_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_BIAS, conv3_user_bias_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv3_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: relu3
    // {batch, 384, 13, 13} -> {batch, 384, 13, 13}
    const float negative3_slope = 1.0f;

    // create relu primitive and add it to net
    auto relu3_desc = eltwise_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::eltwise_relu, conv3_dst_memory.get_desc(),
            negative3_slope);
    auto relu3_prim_desc = eltwise_forward::primitive_desc(relu3_desc, eng);

    net.push_back(eltwise_forward(relu3_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv3_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv3_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: conv4
    // {batch, 384, 13, 13} (x)  {2, 192, 192, 3, 3}; ->
    // {batch, 384, 13, 13};
    // strides: {1, 1}
    memory::dims conv4_src_tz = { batch, 384, 13, 13 };
    memory::dims conv4_weights_tz = { 2, 192, 192, 3, 3 };
    memory::dims conv4_bias_tz = { 384 };
    memory::dims conv4_dst_tz = { batch, 384, 13, 13 };
    memory::dims conv4_strides = { 1, 1 };
    memory::dims conv4_padding = { 1, 1 };

    std::vector<float> conv4_weights(product(conv4_weights_tz));
    std::vector<float> conv4_bias(product(conv4_bias_tz));

    // create memory for user data
    auto conv4_user_weights_memory
            = memory({ { conv4_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::goihw }, eng,
                    conv4_weights.data());
    auto conv4_user_bias_memory = memory(
            { { conv4_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::x }, eng, conv4_bias.data());

    // create memory descriptors for convolution data w/ no specified format
    auto conv4_src_md = memory::desc({ conv4_src_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv4_bias_md = memory::desc({ conv4_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv4_weights_md
            = memory::desc({ conv4_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv4_dst_md = memory::desc({ conv4_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a convolution
    auto conv4_desc = convolution_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::convolution_direct, conv4_src_md, conv4_weights_md, conv4_bias_md,
            conv4_dst_md, conv4_strides, conv4_padding, conv4_padding);
    auto conv4_prim_desc = convolution_forward::primitive_desc(conv4_desc, eng);

    auto conv4_src_memory = conv3_dst_memory;
    if (conv4_prim_desc.src_desc() != conv4_src_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv4_src_memory = memory(conv4_prim_desc.src_desc(), eng);
        net.push_back(reorder(conv3_dst_memory, conv4_src_memory));
        net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_FROM, conv3_dst_memory },
                { MKLDNN_ARG_TO, conv4_src_memory } });
    }

    auto conv4_weights_memory = conv4_user_weights_memory;
    if (conv4_prim_desc.weights_desc()
            != conv4_user_weights_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv4_weights_memory = memory(conv4_prim_desc.weights_desc(), eng);
        reorder(conv4_user_weights_memory, conv4_weights_memory)
                .execute(s, conv4_user_weights_memory, conv4_weights_memory);
    }

    auto conv4_dst_memory = memory(conv4_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create convolution primitive and add it to net
    net.push_back(convolution_forward(conv4_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv4_src_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_WEIGHTS, conv4_weights_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_BIAS, conv4_user_bias_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv4_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: relu4
    // {batch, 384, 13, 13} -> {batch, 384, 13, 13}
    const float negative4_slope = 1.0f;

    // create relu primitive and add it to net
    auto relu4_desc = eltwise_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::eltwise_relu, conv4_dst_memory.get_desc(),
            negative4_slope);
    auto relu4_prim_desc = eltwise_forward::primitive_desc(relu4_desc, eng);

    net.push_back(eltwise_forward(relu4_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv4_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv4_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: conv5
    // {batch, 384, 13, 13} (x)  {2, 128, 192, 3, 3}; -> {batch, 256, 13, 13};
    // strides: {1, 1}
    memory::dims conv5_src_tz = { batch, 384, 13, 13 };
    memory::dims conv5_weights_tz = { 2, 128, 192, 3, 3 };
    memory::dims conv5_bias_tz = { 256 };
    memory::dims conv5_dst_tz = { batch, 256, 13, 13 };
    memory::dims conv5_strides = { 1, 1 };
    memory::dims conv5_padding = { 1, 1 };

    std::vector<float> conv5_weights(product(conv5_weights_tz));
    std::vector<float> conv5_bias(product(conv5_bias_tz));

    // create memory for user data
    auto conv5_user_weights_memory
            = memory({ { conv5_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::goihw }, eng,
                    conv5_weights.data());
    auto conv5_user_bias_memory = memory(
            { { conv5_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::x }, eng, conv5_bias.data());

    // create memory descriptors for convolution data w/ no specified format
    auto conv5_src_md = memory::desc({ conv5_src_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv5_weights_md
            = memory::desc({ conv5_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv5_bias_md = memory::desc({ conv5_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto conv5_dst_md = memory::desc({ conv5_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a convolution
    auto conv5_desc = convolution_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::convolution_direct, conv5_src_md, conv5_weights_md, conv5_bias_md,
            conv5_dst_md, conv5_strides, conv5_padding, conv5_padding);
    auto conv5_prim_desc = convolution_forward::primitive_desc(conv5_desc, eng);

    auto conv5_src_memory = conv4_dst_memory;
    if (conv5_prim_desc.src_desc() != conv5_src_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv5_src_memory = memory(conv5_prim_desc.src_desc(), eng);
        net.push_back(reorder(conv4_dst_memory, conv5_src_memory));
        net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_FROM, conv4_dst_memory },
                { MKLDNN_ARG_TO, conv5_src_memory } });
    }

    auto conv5_weights_memory = conv5_user_weights_memory;
    if (conv5_prim_desc.weights_desc()
            != conv5_user_weights_memory.get_desc()) {
        conv5_weights_memory = memory(conv5_prim_desc.weights_desc(), eng);
        reorder(conv5_user_weights_memory, conv5_weights_memory)
                .execute(s, conv5_user_weights_memory, conv5_weights_memory);
    }

    auto conv5_dst_memory = memory(conv5_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create convolution primitive and add it to net
    net.push_back(convolution_forward(conv5_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv5_src_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_WEIGHTS, conv5_weights_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_BIAS, conv5_user_bias_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv5_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: relu5
    // {batch, 256, 13, 13} -> {batch, 256, 13, 13}
    const float negative5_slope = 1.0f;

    // create relu primitive and add it to net
    auto relu5_desc = eltwise_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::eltwise_relu, conv5_dst_memory.get_desc(),
            negative5_slope);
    auto relu5_prim_desc = eltwise_forward::primitive_desc(relu5_desc, eng);

    net.push_back(eltwise_forward(relu5_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv5_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, conv5_dst_memory } });

    // AlexNet: pool5
    // {batch, 256, 13, 13} -> {batch, 256, 6, 6}
    // kernel: {3, 3}
    // strides: {2, 2}
    memory::dims pool5_dst_tz = { batch, 256, 6, 6 };
    memory::dims pool5_kernel = { 3, 3 };
    memory::dims pool5_strides = { 2, 2 };
    memory::dims pool5_padding = { 0, 0 };

    std::vector<float> pool5_dst(product(pool5_dst_tz));

    auto pool5_dst_md = memory::desc({ pool5_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a pooling
    auto pool5_desc = pooling_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            algorithm::pooling_max, conv5_dst_memory.get_desc(), pool5_dst_md,
            pool5_strides, pool5_kernel, pool5_padding, pool5_padding);
    auto pool5_pd = pooling_forward::primitive_desc(pool5_desc, eng);

    auto pool5_dst_memory = memory(pool5_pd.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create pooling primitive an add it to net
    net.push_back(pooling_forward(pool5_pd));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, conv5_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, pool5_dst_memory } });


    // fc6 inner product {batch, 256, 6, 6} (x) {4096, 256, 6, 6}-> {batch,
    // 4096}
    memory::dims fc6_src_tz = { batch, 256, 6, 6 };
    memory::dims fc6_weights_tz = { 4096, 256, 6, 6 };
    memory::dims fc6_bias_tz = { 4096 };
    memory::dims fc6_dst_tz = { batch, 4096 };

    std::vector<float> fc6_weights(product(fc6_weights_tz));
    std::vector<float> fc6_bias(product(fc6_bias_tz));

    // create memory for user data
    auto fc6_user_weights_memory
            = memory({ { fc6_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::oihw }, eng,
                    fc6_weights.data());
    auto fc6_user_bias_memory = memory(
            { { fc6_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::x }, eng, fc6_bias.data());

    // create memory descriptors for convolution data w/ no specified format
    auto fc6_src_md = memory::desc({ fc6_src_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto fc6_bias_md = memory::desc({ fc6_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto fc6_weights_md = memory::desc({ fc6_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto fc6_dst_md = memory::desc({ fc6_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a inner_product
    auto fc6_desc = inner_product_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            fc6_src_md, fc6_weights_md, fc6_bias_md, fc6_dst_md);
    auto fc6_prim_desc = inner_product_forward::primitive_desc(fc6_desc, eng);

    auto fc6_src_memory = pool5_dst_memory;
    if (fc6_prim_desc.src_desc() != fc6_src_memory.get_desc()) {
        fc6_src_memory = memory(fc6_prim_desc.src_desc(), eng);
        net.push_back(reorder(pool5_dst_memory, fc6_src_memory));
        net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_FROM, pool5_dst_memory },
                { MKLDNN_ARG_TO, fc6_src_memory } });
    }

    auto fc6_weights_memory = fc6_user_weights_memory;
    if (fc6_prim_desc.weights_desc() != fc6_user_weights_memory.get_desc()) {
        fc6_weights_memory = memory(fc6_prim_desc.weights_desc(), eng);
        reorder(fc6_user_weights_memory, fc6_weights_memory)
                .execute(s, fc6_user_weights_memory, fc6_weights_memory);
    }

    auto fc6_dst_memory = memory(fc6_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create convolution primitive and add it to net
    net.push_back(inner_product_forward(fc6_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, fc6_src_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_WEIGHTS, fc6_weights_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_BIAS, fc6_user_bias_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, fc6_dst_memory } });


    // fc7 inner product {batch, 4096} (x) {4096, 4096}-> {batch, 4096}
    memory::dims fc7_weights_tz = { 4096, 4096 };
    memory::dims fc7_bias_tz = { 4096 };
    memory::dims fc7_dst_tz = { batch, 4096 };

    std::vector<float> fc7_weights(product(fc7_weights_tz));
    std::vector<float> fc7_bias(product(fc7_bias_tz));

    // create memory for user data
    auto fc7_user_weights_memory = memory(
            { { fc7_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::nc }, eng, fc7_weights.data());

    auto fc7_user_bias_memory = memory(
            { { fc7_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::x }, eng, fc7_bias.data());

    // create memory descriptors for convolution data w/ no specified format
    auto fc7_bias_md = memory::desc({ fc7_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto fc7_weights_md = memory::desc({ fc7_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto fc7_dst_md = memory::desc({ fc7_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a inner_product
    auto fc7_desc = inner_product_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            fc6_dst_memory.get_desc(), fc7_weights_md, fc7_bias_md, fc7_dst_md);
    auto fc7_prim_desc = inner_product_forward::primitive_desc(fc7_desc, eng);

    auto fc7_weights_memory = fc7_user_weights_memory;
    if (fc7_prim_desc.weights_desc() != fc7_user_weights_memory.get_desc()) {
        fc7_weights_memory = memory(fc7_prim_desc.weights_desc(), eng);
        reorder(fc7_user_weights_memory, fc7_weights_memory)
                .execute(s, fc7_user_weights_memory, fc7_weights_memory);
    }

    auto fc7_dst_memory = memory(fc7_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create convolution primitive and add it to net
    net.push_back(inner_product_forward(fc7_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, fc6_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_WEIGHTS, fc7_weights_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_BIAS, fc7_user_bias_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, fc7_dst_memory } });

    // fc8 inner product {batch, 4096} (x) {1000, 4096}-> {batch, 1000}
    memory::dims fc8_weights_tz = { 1000, 4096 };
    memory::dims fc8_bias_tz = { 1000 };
    memory::dims fc8_dst_tz = { batch, 1000 };

    std::vector<float> fc8_weights(product(fc8_weights_tz));
    std::vector<float> fc8_bias(product(fc8_bias_tz));

    // create memory for user data
    auto fc8_user_weights_memory = memory(
            { { fc8_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::nc }, eng, fc8_weights.data());
    auto fc8_user_bias_memory = memory(
            { { fc8_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::x }, eng, fc8_bias.data());
    auto user_dst_memory = memory(
            { { fc8_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::nc }, eng, user_dst.data());

    // create memory descriptors for convolution data w/ no specified format
    auto fc8_bias_md = memory::desc({ fc8_bias_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto fc8_weights_md = memory::desc({ fc8_weights_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);
    auto fc8_dst_md = memory::desc({ fc8_dst_tz }, dt::f32, tag::any);

    // create a inner_product
    auto fc8_desc = inner_product_forward::desc(prop_kind::forward_inference,
            fc7_dst_memory.get_desc(), fc8_weights_md, fc8_bias_md, fc8_dst_md);
    auto fc8_prim_desc = inner_product_forward::primitive_desc(fc8_desc, eng);

    auto fc8_weights_memory = fc8_user_weights_memory;
    if (fc8_prim_desc.weights_desc() != fc8_user_weights_memory.get_desc()) {
        fc8_weights_memory = memory(fc8_prim_desc.weights_desc(), eng);
        reorder(fc8_user_weights_memory, fc8_weights_memory)
                .execute(s, fc8_user_weights_memory, fc8_weights_memory);
    }

    auto fc8_dst_memory = memory(fc8_prim_desc.dst_desc(), eng);

    // create convolution primitive and add it to net
    net.push_back(inner_product_forward(fc8_prim_desc));
    net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_SRC, fc7_dst_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_WEIGHTS, fc8_weights_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_BIAS, fc8_user_bias_memory },
            { MKLDNN_ARG_DST, fc8_dst_memory } });

    // create reorder between internal and user data if it is needed and
    // add it to net after pooling
    if (fc8_dst_memory != user_dst_memory) {
        net.push_back(reorder(fc8_dst_memory, user_dst_memory));
        net_args.push_back({ { MKLDNN_ARG_FROM, fc8_dst_memory },
                { MKLDNN_ARG_TO, user_dst_memory } });
    }

//[Execute model]
    for (int j = 0; j < times; ++j) {
        assert(net.size() == net_args.size() && "something is missing");
        for (size_t i = 0; i < net.size(); ++i)
            net.at(i).execute(s, net_args.at(i));
    }
//[Execute model]

    s.wait();
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    try {
        auto begin = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(
                chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch())
                             .count();
        int times = 100;
        simple_net(times);
        auto end = chrono::duration_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(
                chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch())
                           .count();
        cout << "Use time " << (end - begin) / (times + 0.0) << "\n";
    } catch (error &e) {
        std::cerr << "status: " << e.status << std::endl;
        std::cerr << "message: " << e.message << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}