Matrix Multiplication¶

General¶

The matrix multiplication (MatMul) primitive computes the product of two 2D tensors with optional bias addition (the variable names follow the standard Naming Conventions):

\[\dst(m, n) = \sum_{k=0}^{K - 1} \left( \src(m, k) \cdot \weights(k, n) \right) + \bias(m, n)\]

The MatMul primitive also supports batching multiple independent matrix multiplication operations, in which case the tensors can be up to 12D:

\[\dst(bs_0, bs_1, \ldots, m, n) = \sum_{k=0}^{K - 1} \left( \src(bs_0, bs_1, \ldots, m, k) \cdot \weights(bs_0, bs_1, \ldots, k, n) \right) + \bias(bs_0, bs_1, \ldots, m, n)\]

MatMul also supports implicit broadcast semantics i.e., $\src$ can be broadcasted into $\weights$ if the corresponding dimension in $\src$ is 1 (and vice versa). However, all tensors (including $\bias$, if it exists) must have the same number of dimensions.

The shape of $\dst$ only depends on $\src$ and $\weights$ tensors. The $\bias$ cannot change the dimensions of $\dst$ by broadcasting. In other words, for every dimension, the following constraint must hold true: dimension(bias) == dimension(dst) || dimension(bias) == 1.

Execution Arguments¶

When executed, the inputs and outputs should be mapped to an execution argument index as specified by the following table.

Primitive input/output	Execution argument index
$\src$	DNNL_ARG_SRC
$\weights$	DNNL_ARG_WEIGHTS
$\bias$	DNNL_ARG_BIAS
$\dst$	DNNL_ARG_DST
$\text{dropout output mask}$	DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_MASK
$\text{dropout probability}$	DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_PROBABILITY
$\text{dropout rng seed}$	DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_SEED
$\text{binary post-op}$	DNNL_ARG_ATTR_MULTIPLE_POST_OP(binary_post_op_position) \| DNNL_ARG_SRC_1
$\text{prelu post-op}$	DNNL_ARG_ATTR_MULTIPLE_POST_OP(prelu_post_op_position) \| DNNL_ARG_WEIGHTS

Implementation Details¶

General Notes¶

The MatMul primitive supports input and output tensors with run-time specified shapes and memory formats. The run-time specified dimensions or strides are specified using the DNNL_RUNTIME_DIM_VAL wildcard value during the primitive initialization and creation stage. At the execution stage, the user must pass fully specified memory objects so that the primitive is able to perform the computations. Note that the less information about shapes or format is available at the creation stage, the less performant execution will be. In particular, if the shape is not known at creation stage, one cannot use the special format tag dnnl::memory::format_tag::any to enable an implementation to choose the most appropriate memory format for the corresponding input or output shapes. On the other hand, run-time specified shapes enable users to create a primitive once and use it in different situations.
Inconsistency with dimensions being “primitive-creation-time-defined” vs “runtime-defined” is invalid. For example, $\src$ and $\weights$ with dimensions set to {3, 4, 4} and {DNNL_RUNTIME_DIM_VAL, 4, 4} respectively is invalid.
The broadcasting shape consistency check is not done for the dimensions with DNNL_RUNTIME_DIM_VAL. It is user responsibility to make sure the dimensions for the tensors are valid.
Multiple batch dimensions and broadcasting of batch dimensions of src and weights are supported for both CPU and GPU engines.

Please check tutorials below to see DNNL_RUNTIME_DIM_VAL support in use.

Data Types¶

The MatMul primitive supports the following combinations of data types for source, destination, weights, and bias tensors:

Source	Weights	Destination	Bias
f32	f32	f32	f32
f16	f16, u8, s8, u4, s4	f16, u8, s8	f16, f32
bf16	bf16, u8, s8, u4, s4	f32, bf16	bf16, f32
f32, bf16, f16	u8, s8	f32, bf16, f16	f32, bf16, f16
f8_e5m2, f8_e4m3	f8_e5m2, f8_e4m3	f32, f16, bf16, f8_e5m2, f8_e4m3	f32, bf16, f16
f8_e5m2, f8_e4m3	f8_e5m2, f8_e4m3	f32, f16, bf16, f8_e5m2, f8_e4m3	f32, bf16, f16
u8, s8	s8	u8, s8, s32, f32, f16, bf16	u8, s8, s32, f32, f16, bf16

Data Representation¶

The MatMul primitive expects the following tensors:

Dims	Source	Weights	Destination	Bias
2D	M $\times$ K	K $\times$ N	M $\times$ N	None or $(M \text{ or } 1) \times (N \text{ or } 1)$
ND	S $\times$ M $\times$ K	W $\times$ K $\times$ N	D $\times$ M $\times$ N	None or B

where for the sake of notational convenience, we have

\[\begin{split}S = \prod_{i = 0}^{ND - 3} \mathrm{src\_dims}[i], \; W = \prod_{i = 0}^{ND - 3} \mathrm{weights\_dims}[i] \\ D = \prod_{i = 0}^{ND - 3} \mathrm{\dst\_dims}[i], \; B = \prod_{i = 0}^{ND - 1} \left( \mathrm{\dst\_dims}[i] \mbox{ or } 1 \right)\end{split}\]

The MatMul primitive is generally optimized for the case in which memory objects use plain memory formats. Additionally, the $\src$ and $\weights$ must have at least one of the axes m or k and n or k contiguous (i.e., stride=1) respectively. However, it is recommended to use the placeholder memory format dnnl::memory::format_tag::any if an input tensor is reused across multiple executions. In this case, the primitive will set the most appropriate memory format for the corresponding input tensor.

The memory format of the destination tensor should always be plain with n axis contiguous. For example, dnnl::memory::format_tag::ab for the 2D case and dnnl::memory::format_tag::abc or dnnl::memory::format_tag::bac for the 3D one.

Attributes and Post-ops¶

Attributes and post-ops enable modifying the behavior of the MatMul primitive. The following attributes and post-ops are supported:

Type	Operation	Description	Restrictions
Attribute	Scales	Scales the result by given scale factor(s)
Attribute	Zero-points	Sets zero point(s) for the corresponding tensors	Int8 computations only
Attribute	Dropout	Applies pseudo-random dropout to destination buffer, also fills mask buffer
Post-op	Eltwise	Applies an Eltwise operation to the result
Post-op	Sum	Adds the operation result to the destination tensor instead of overwriting it
Post-op	Binary	Applies a Binary operation to the result	General binary post-op restrictions
Post-op	Prelu	Applies an PReLU operation to the result

The following masks are supported by the primitive:

0, which applies one scale / zero point value to an entire tensor, and
2, which applies a scale value per column along the n dimension for DNNL_ARG_WEIGHTS.

When scales and/or zero-points masks are specified, the user must provide the corresponding scales and/or zero-points as additional input memory objects with argument DNNL_ARG_ATTR_SCALES | DNNL_ARG_${MEMORY_INDEX} or DNNL_ARG_ATTR_ZERO_POINTS | DNNL_ARG_${MEMORY_INDEX} during the execution stage. For instance, a source tensor zero points memory argument would be passed with index (DNNL_ARG_ATTR_ZERO_POINTS | DNNL_ARG_SRC).

When Dropout is specified, at the execution stage the user must provide 2 input memory objects with DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_PROBABILITY (1x1x…x1 f32 value from 0.f to 1.f) and DNNL_ARG_DROPOUT_SEED (1x1x…x1 s32 value from INT_MIN to INT_MAX), and 1 output memory object with DNNL_ARG_ATTR_DROPOUT_MASK (u8 memory buffer that shares its shape with the destination buffer).

Note

Please check tutorials below to see run-time attributes in use.

Implementation Limitations¶

Check Data Types.
GPU
- Supports up to 6 dimensions.
- Source zero point mask of 0 is only supported.
- Sum post-op doesn’t support data type other than destination data type.
- Bias of bf16 data type is supported for configuration with bf16 source data type and weights bf16 data type, and up to three dimensional matrices.
- Only reference support is available for f8_e4m3. Optimized implementation for f8_e5m2 is available only on Intel(R) Data Center GPU Max Series.
- Configuration with int8 source data type, s8 weight data type and bf16 destination data type don’t support:
  - Destination zero point.
  - Runtime dimensions.
  - Three and higher dimensional matrices.
- The layout of dropout mask has to be exactly the same as that of dst.
CPU
- Configuration with int8 source data type, s8 weight data type and f16 destination data type isn’t supported.
- Configuration with floating point source data type, integer weights data type and floating point destination data type is not optimized.
- Only reference support for fp8 data types (f8_e5m2, f8_e4m3) is is available on CPU.
- The layout of dropout mask has to be exactly the same as that of dst.

Performance Tips¶

Use dnnl::memory::format_tag::any for either of the input tensors if and only if the shape of the corresponding tensor is fully known at creation time and it is possible to cache reordered tensors across multiple primitive executions. For instance, a good candidate for reuse are the weights tensors during inference: their shapes and data types are known in advance; thus they can be reordered during the first inference pass and can be reused during the subsequent passes. However, if any of the input tensors cannot be reused, it is best to force the primitive to use the same format as that used by the tensors.

Examples¶

The following examples are available: